英语四级阅读练习题方法 英语四六级报名

小编为备考的同学们整理了2019年12月英语四级阅读练习题(17)，希望可以为大家带来帮助，预祝大家高分通过。

ConditionsintheLateNineteenthCentury.Inthegreatcitiesofthenineteenthcenturyslumdwellerscrowdedintofoul-smellingtenements(公寓),workedinsweatshopindustries,andwerevictimsofsuchworkingandlivingconditionsasseemedbeyondanypowertoremedyorchange.Thetenements,fourtosixstorieshigh,crowdedalongalleys,whichservedasair-shafts.Onlyafewoftheroomsfacedthealley;themajorityoftheroomshadaccesstoneitherlightnorair.Therewaslittleornoinsideplumbing,andfrequentlytherewasbutasinglesinkwithrunningwaterforanentiretenement.Therewerenoplaygrounds,noparks,andfewschoolhousesinsuchareas.Thereweresaloons(公共大厅);therewasplentyofviceandcrime;andtherewasdisease.

OnNewYork'sEastSide,thedeathrateforchildrenin1888was140per1000.Todayitisabout7per1000.Contagiousdiseasessuchastyphoidfever,smallpox,diphtheria,scarletfever,andtuberculosistookafrightfultolleveryyear.Inthe1890's,JacobRiis,aDanishimmigrant,beganwritingstoriesabouttheconditionsamongthepoorwholivedinMurderers'Alley,Hell'sKitchen,PovertyGap,theLungBlocks,andtheBowery.Hisbook,HowtheOtherHalfLives,stirredtheconscienceofthenation.PeopleonotherpartsofthecountrybegantoseethattheconditionsinNewYorkwhichhesovividlydescribedmightalsoexistinthecitieswheretheylived.Inruraldistrictsthepoorfoundlifeequallyhard.HamlinGarland,novelistofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,wrotegraphically(生动地)ofthehardshipsoflifeontheMiddleBorder.Hedescribedthehardworkonthefarm.Therewasnoromanceingettingupatfiveo'clockinthemorningwiththetemperaturethirtydegreesbelowzero."Itrequiredmilitarydisciplinetogetusoutofbedinachamberwarmedonlybythestovepipe,todrawonicysocksandfrostybootsandgotomilkingcows."

TheSalvation(拯救)Army.Intimesofdistresspoorpeoplewerechieflydependentuponprivatecharities,politicalclubs,andreligiousorganizationsforcharity.TheSalvationArmy,whichhaditsbeginninginEngland,wasalsoorganizedinAmericain1879.ItwasmorethanareligiousorganizationconcernedwiththespreadingofChristianfaithamongthepoorandtheoutcastsofsociety.Itsworkerswentintotheslumsandworkedamongthepooranddestitute.Longbeforethetwentiethcenturythisorganizationhadsetupemploymentagencies,lodginghousesforthehomeless,soupkitchensforthehungry,andwascarryingonawholeprogramofsocialserviceforthoseinneed.Itslittlechapelsandhousesofrefugeweretobefoundineverycity.

TheYMCAandOtherReligiousAgencies.InthesamespirittheYoungMen'sChristianAssociationexpandeditsprogramtomorethansocialandreligiousworkamongtheyoungmenofthegreatcities.Itbegantobranchoutintoeducationalprogramsandpracticalservicetotheneedy.TomanyofthepoorimmigrantscomingfromtheCatholiccountriesofsouthernEurope,theonlyrefugewastheChurch;andtheCatholicChurchduringtheperiodofthe1890'sandtheearly1900'scarriedonagreatandworthyprogramofrealservicetomanywhowereingreatneed.TheJewishsynagogue(会堂)andleadersoftheirfaithtookanequallyactivepartintheprogramofsocialserviceamongtheirpeople.SettlementHouses.

Socialsettlementswereestablishedinmanycitiesduringthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury.AmongthemostfamouswereJaneAddams'HullHousefoundedbyLillianD.WaldinNewYorkCity.HullHouseandtheHenryStreetSettlementwerenotjustrefugesforthedownandout.Intheseplaces,menandwomenfirstlearnedtoattackinarealisticwaythecausesofpoverty.HerethelustAmericanizationclasseswereformed.Englishwastaughttoadults,andpracticalprogramswereworkedouttohelpforeignerstoadjustthemselvestothenewwaysoflivinginanewland.PublicEffortsAgainstPoverty.TheNewYorkCommissionof1900completedaninvestigationthatdisclosedtheseriousnessoftheproblemofpovertyincities.ThiscommissionhadbeenappointedbyTheodoreRooseveltwhilehewasgovernorofNewYorkState.Theresultoftheinvestigationwasthepassageofthefirsttenementlaw.Underthislawtenementsmustmeetcertainstandardsofsanitation,lighting,andventilation.

LocalOrganization.BythetwentiethcenturyStateBoardsofCharityandCorrectionhadbeenestablishedinmostofourstates.Inanindustrialcivilizationsuchasours,theamountofpovertyvariesfromtimetotimedependinguponconditionsinindustry.Thedevelopmentofthecharitablesocietiesinthe1870'sand1880'sandthesettlementhousesduringthesameperiodwasnotproofthattheproblemwasbeingsolved,onlythatthepublicwasawareofit.Themagnitudeoftheproblemalsobecameapparent.ThroughsuchorganizationsastheFamilyWelfareOrganizationorAssociatedCharities,privatecharitablegroupsinanareaweremergedintoasingleorganizationsothatadequateaidcouldbeprovidedaftercarefulinvestigation,forthosewhowereingreatestneed.Innormaltimes,thisplanworkedfairlywell,butintimesofprolongeddepressionitwasinadequate.

FederalAidforUnemployment.Thedepressionwhichbeganin1929threwmillionsoutofworkandcausedeconomicdistressthroughoutthecountry.By1931,therewere10,000,000unemployed.In1935,18,000,000wereonrelief.Thatmeantoneoutofeveryseveninthewholepopulation.CongresssetupaPublicWorksAdministrationwithfundstobuilddams,powerplants,highways,schools,hospitals,postoffices,andotherpublicprojects,tohelpabsorbtheunemployed.EmergencyreliefhadbeenestablishedbytheCivilWorksAdministrationtoprovidetemporaryreliefbyputtingpeopletoworkonhastilydevisedjobsofdiggingditches,wideningstreets,andrepairingpublicbuildings.SocialSecurity.Thefirstold-agepensionlawwaspassedinGermanyinthedaysofBismarck,in1889.SimilarlawswerepassedinFranceandGreatBritainbeforethecloseofthenineteenthcentury.Thefirststatetopassanold-agepensionlawwasArizonain1914,onlytofindthelawrenderedunconstitutionalbythestatesupremecourt.In1915,theAlaskaterritoryenactedsuchalaw,andlegislationtothateffectwaspassedinMontana,Nevada,andPennsylvaniain1923.By1940everystatehadsomekindofold-agepensionsysteminforce,buttheselawsprovidedforamaximumofabout$25to$30amonth,hardlysufficienttobuyfoodandshelter.In1935wasenactedtheFederalSocialSecurityAct.BythislawtheFederalgovernmentpromisedtomatchdollarfordollarthemoneyspentbystatesintheassistanceofold-agepensions.

1.Thepassagegivesageneraldescriptionofavarietyoforganizationsinhistorytohelpthepoorandneedy.

2.ThefirstFederalSecurityActwasenactedintheU.S.in1923.

3.HowtheOtherHalfLivesawakenedpeopletotheawfulconditionsofthepoorinAmericangreatcities.

4.Whenthedepressionwasextended,localorganizationsprovedtobeinadequate.

5.ThesolepurposeofsettlementhousewastoteachEnglishtoadults.

6.TheodoreRooseveltgotAmericaoutofpoverty.

7.TheSalvationArmywasorganizedfirstinAmerica.

8.ThefirstU.S.tenementlawrequiredthattenementsmustcomeuptostandardsof______andventilation.

9.ThefirstU.S.old-agepensionlawsprovidedfor______atmostamonth.

10.______depictedthehardworkonthefarm.

I.Y2.N3.Y4.Y5.N6.NG7.N8.sanitation,lighting9.$25to$3010.HamlinGarland