托福听写文章练习分享 托福阅读

下面小编跟大家一起了解托福听写文章练习分享，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

Listentopartofalectureinatheatreclass.

Lecturer:Solastclass,wetalkedabouttherealistmovementintheatrehistory.Today,wewillbetalkingaboutanoffshootofRealism,butfirst,let'sreviewwhatwesaidaboutRealism.Katie.

Katie:Realism.Wellitstartedaroundthelate1800s.Theseplaywrightswantedtopresenttheworldasitreallywas,notidealized,sorealistplaysweregenerallyaboutordinary,everydaypeopleandtheirlives,notlikeclear-cutheroesandvillains.

Lecturer:Good.Now,themovementwe'relookingattoday,Naturalism,tooktheseideasfurthertomakeplaysevenmoretrue-to-life.OnethingthatsetitapartwasthatNaturalistauthorswereinfluencedbyscientificmethodsintheirgoalofachievinggreateraccuracy.Theytriedtobeobjectiveabouttheircharacterslikeascientistobservingaspeciesunderamicroscope.And,ratherthangivingcharacterstheconventionaltraitsofaheroorvillain,orpresentingthemasvictimsoffate,Naturalistscreatedcharacterswithmorecomplextraitsandmotivesandwhowereinfluencedonlybytheforcesofheredityandenvironment.

ThegreatestrepresentativeofNaturalismwastheFrenchwriterEmileZola.ZolawrotesomeinfluentialNaturalistnovels,buthealsoproposedatheoryofNaturalisttheatre.Hewasgreatlyinfluencedbyasciencebookthatappearedin1865.Thisbookemphasizedtheimportanceofexperimentationtoscientificprogress;inparticular,theimportanceofscientificresearchinunderstandingtheeffectsofenvironmentsonthehumanbody.Theseideasmadeanimpression.

In1881,Zolawroteanessay,"TheExperimentalNovel,"inwhichhesaidthetaskofawriterwassimilartothatofascientistordoctor;awritershouldbeobjectivelikeascientistanddesignnovelslikewell,likeexperiments,inthatthecharactersareputinaspeciallydesignedenvironmentsothewritercanrecordwhathappensascharactersinteractwiththeirenvironmentandeachother.And,justasadoctormightlookatapatient'senvironmenttohelpfindacureforamedicalproblem,Zolasawtheroleofthewriterasexposingtheproblemsofsocietyinordertofindacureforsocialills.

Katie:Buthisessaywasaboutnovels.DidZolathinkhisideasappliedtoplaystoo?

Lecturer:Yes,andhetranslatedhisideasintotheatre.Hewascriticaloftheatricalconventionsofhisday,forexample:analmostformulaicdevelopmentofplotwherethestorymovesfromconflicttocrisistoresolution.Zolaarguedthatreallifedoesn'tobeysuchclear-cutstorylines.Itisn'taneatlypackagedstory;ratherit’sanaccumulationofhaphazardevents.Zolabelievedthat,insteadoftellingaconventionalstorywithaclearlydefinedbeginning,middle,andconclusion,aplayshouldpresentsomethingmorefaithfultorealexperience.

Katie:Soundslikewhatyou'ddowithnon-fiction,youknow,likewithanewspaperarticleoradocumentaryfilm.

Lecturer:Itdoes,doesn'tit?It'snosurprise,really,foramovementgrowingoutofRealism.Zolahadanameforit:"sliceoflife"theatre.Ordinary,believablecharactersplacedinreal-lifesituations,whointeractinaplausiblemanner.Byadvocatingthisapproach,Zolawantedtopromoteanewkindoftheatre,theatrethatexploredsociallyrelevantissuesandeducatesaudiencesratherthanmerelyentertainingthem.And,sincelife'softennotrosy,itfollowsthattheseplaysrarelyendedhappily,whichisanotherfeatureofNaturalism:thisdarker,gloomierviewoflife.

AproblemarosewhenZolatriedtoputhisprinciplesintopractice.Whenheturnedoneofhisownnovelsintoaplay,theresultwas…well,notverysuccessful.Sincehecompressedtheentireplotofalengthynoveltofitabouttwohours'performancetime,Zolahadtocutoutsomanydetails,andacceleratedthepaceofthestorytothepointthatitseemedexaggerated,fullofunbelievablecoincidences.So,whileZolasuccessfullycreatedarealisticenvironmentandcharacters,theplayitselfdidn'tliveuptohisNaturalistprincipals.

Katie:Didhisotherplayshavemoresuccess?

Lecturer:Notreally.Theyallcontainedthesameproblem.Kindofironic,isn'tit,thatthepreeminentNaturalistnovelistcouldn'tproduceasinglesuccessfulplayinthatgenre?

Katie:WereanyNaturalistplayssuccessful?

Lecturer:Yes,butthere'sanotherirony:themostsuccessfulNaturalistplays,by"successful,"ImeanplaysthatcapturedwhattheNaturalistmovementwasabout,theywerewrittenbyaplaywrightwhodidn'tevenconsiderhimselfaNaturalist,HenryBecque.Becque'splay,"TheVultures,"capturedmanyofZola'sideas.It'sthestoryofanaveragefamilythatsuffersacrisisforwhichthere'snoforewarning.There'snorealheroes;there'snoneatconclusionattheend,andtheoveralleffectispessimistic.